{"id":32886,"date":"2025-08-02T03:53:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-02T03:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2025\/08\/02\/harold-kester-smartrieve-et-lencyclopedie-compton\/"},"modified":"2026-01-27T19:59:49","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T19:59:49","slug":"harold-kester-smartrieve-et-lencyclopedie-compton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/02\/harold-kester-smartrieve-et-lencyclopedie-compton\/","title":{"rendered":"Harold Kester, SmarTrieve, et l&rsquo;encyclop\u00e9die Compton"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1372.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"465\" title=\"Kester, Harold\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Kester-Harold.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-27924\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Kester-Harold-200x168.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Kester-Harold-400x336.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Kester-Harold.jpg 554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">Kester, Harold<\/h2><p class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-text\">Harold Kester, EB Vice-pr\u00e9sident, Technologie<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;width:100%;max-width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double sep-dotted\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#005b8c;border-color:#005b8c;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"text-align:right;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-small button-custom fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:#ffffff;--button_accent_hover_color:#105378;--button_border_hover_color:#ffffff;--button_gradient_top_color:#105378;--button_gradient_bottom_color:#105378;--button_gradient_top_color_hover:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/02\/dr-stanley-frank-vice-president-developpement\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Suivant<\/span><i class=\"fa-angle-double-right fas awb-button__icon awb-button__icon--default button-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 awb-text-cols fusion-text-columns-2\" style=\"--awb-columns:2;--awb-column-spacing:2em;--awb-column-min-width:100px;\"><p><div id=\"attachment_32851\" style=\"width: 295px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32851\" class=\"wp-image-32851 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/harold-kester-huffaker.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"285\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/harold-kester-huffaker-200x299.webp 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/harold-kester-huffaker-201x300.webp 201w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/harold-kester-huffaker.webp 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32851\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Kester<\/p><\/div>\n<span class=\"fusion-dropcap dropcap\">A<\/span>Apr\u00e8s avoir analys\u00e9 plus avant le march\u00e9 potentiel d&rsquo;un tel ouvrage, Stanley Frank, alors responsable du d\u00e9veloppement, a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 en 1988 de s&rsquo;associer \u00e0 Education Systems Corporation de San Diego, en Californie, pour le d\u00e9velopper. L&rsquo;ESC disposait d&rsquo;une expertise dans le d\u00e9veloppement de logiciels gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de produits \u00e9ducatifs en r\u00e9seau pour le march\u00e9 scolaire. ESC a choisi le groupe Del Mar comme sous-traitant pour son moteur de recherche textuelle. Del Mar \u00e9tait une start-up de capital-risque de Solana Beach, en Californie, financ\u00e9e par le fabricant japonais d&rsquo;ordinateurs Fujitsu.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32850\" style=\"width: 646px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32850\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32850\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ATG-McHenry-copy1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ATG-McHenry-copy1-200x113.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ATG-McHenry-copy1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ATG-McHenry-copy1-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ATG-McHenry-copy1-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ATG-McHenry-copy1.jpg 636w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32850\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">1995 Le personnel de l&rsquo;Advance Technology Group (ATG) de Britannica \u00e0 La Jolla, Californie<br \/>Debout : Lisa Carlson (personnel de Merriam Webster), Lisa Braucher Bosco, Harold Kester, John McInerney,<br \/>Assis : Brian Bartel, Chris Cole, Rik Belew, Amy Steier, Robert McHenry (alors r\u00e9dacteur en chef de l&rsquo;Encyclopaedia Britannica), John Dimm, Bob Clarke<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Le scientifique en chef de Del Mar, Harold Kester, avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 construit des publications de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence sur CD-ROM, mais pas pour le march\u00e9 grand public. Il est important de noter que Kester a \u00e9galement \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les travaux de Gerald Salton \u00e0 l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 de Cornell. Salton avait men\u00e9 des recherches pionni\u00e8res sur les principes math\u00e9matiques qui sous-tendent la recherche automatique de textes. Lorsque Greg Bestik, le responsable du d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;ESC, Kester et les \u00e9diteurs et ing\u00e9nieurs logiciels de Britannica se sont r\u00e9unis pour planifier la conception de ce qui est devenu l&rsquo;<em>encyclop\u00e9die multim\u00e9dia de Compton<\/em>, ils ont re\u00e7u une instruction claire de la part de la direction de Britannica : Britannica \u00e9tait pr\u00eate \u00e0 investir des millions de dollars dans le d\u00e9veloppement du produit, mais elle devait publier une offre r\u00e9volutionnaire qui constituerait une avanc\u00e9e d\u00e9cisive dans la simplification de l&rsquo;interaction de l&rsquo;utilisateur avec les ordinateurs.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_27098\" style=\"width: 668px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27098\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27097\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Kester-Harold-and-Cauz-Jorge-in-Seoul-South-Korea-1998.jpg\" alt=\"Kester, Harold et Cauz, Jorge \u00e0 S\u00e9oul, Cor\u00e9e du Sud 1998\" width=\"658\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Kester-Harold-and-Cauz-Jorge-in-Seoul-South-Korea-1998-200x112.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Kester-Harold-and-Cauz-Jorge-in-Seoul-South-Korea-1998-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Kester-Harold-and-Cauz-Jorge-in-Seoul-South-Korea-1998-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Kester-Harold-and-Cauz-Jorge-in-Seoul-South-Korea-1998-600x337.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Kester-Harold-and-Cauz-Jorge-in-Seoul-South-Korea-1998.jpg 658w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-27098\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">1998 Harold Kester, VP Technologie avec Jorge Cauz, EB Pr\u00e9sident \u00e0 S\u00e9oul, Cor\u00e9e du Sud<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Il ne s&rsquo;agirait pas d&rsquo;un produit exclusivement textuel comme celui de Grolier. La profondeur des vastes collections de m\u00e9dias de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Britannica en mati\u00e8re de films, d&rsquo;images, d&rsquo;animations, de cartes et de sons serait mise \u00e0 disposition pour une int\u00e9gration \u00e9troite avec le texte encyclop\u00e9dique de Compton.  La grande contribution de Kester \u00e0 cette entreprise a \u00e9t\u00e9 de produire un moteur de recherche en langage naturel qui permettrait au prototype de l&rsquo;enfant de neuf ans de rechercher facilement dans toute la base de donn\u00e9es les articles qui l&rsquo;int\u00e9ressent.<\/p>\n<p>Au lieu d&rsquo;attendre d&rsquo;un enfant de neuf ans qu&rsquo;il ma\u00eetrise les subtilit\u00e9s de la logique bool\u00e9enne pour construire des requ\u00eates de recherche (\u00ab\u00a0Ciel\u00a0\u00bb ET \u00ab\u00a0Bleu\u00a0\u00bb), l&rsquo;enfant de neuf ans de Britannica n&rsquo;avait qu&rsquo;\u00e0 taper dans la bo\u00eete de recherche \u00ab\u00a0Pourquoi le ciel est-il bleu ?\u00a0\u00bb. Cela suffirait pour que le moteur de recherche SmarTrieve de Del Mar conduise l&rsquo;utilisateur \u00e0 la r\u00e9ponse. <\/p>\n<p>Peu apr\u00e8s sa cr\u00e9ation en 1984, Del Mar est devenu l&rsquo;un des premiers \u00e9diteurs de CD-ROM l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e suivante. Elle a publi\u00e9 le cinqui\u00e8me CD-ROM aux \u00c9tats-Unis en 1985. Il s&rsquo;agissait du prototype d&rsquo;un produit destin\u00e9 aux librairies qui permettrait aux consommateurs d&rsquo;interagir avec une base de donn\u00e9es et d&rsquo;\u00eatre guid\u00e9s vers les titres qui les int\u00e9ressent. Son syst\u00e8me de recherche SmarTrieve a \u00e9t\u00e9 c\u00e9d\u00e9 sous licence \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres d\u00e9veloppeurs de CD-ROM et, en 1986, Del Mar disposait bri\u00e8vement de la plus grande base install\u00e9e de CD-ROM du pays.<\/p>\n<p>S&rsquo;inspirant des travaux ant\u00e9rieurs de Gerald Salton, le syst\u00e8me de recherche et d&rsquo;extraction en langage naturel de SmarTrieve allait bien au-del\u00e0 des moteurs de recherche de bases de donn\u00e9es habituels de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fbment impressionn\u00e9e, Britannica a achet\u00e9 SmarTrieve et a engag\u00e9 Kester et son \u00e9quipe d\u00e8s que la version en r\u00e9seau du produit de Compton a \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9e. Lorsque Britannica et l&rsquo;ESC ont sign\u00e9 leur accord de cod\u00e9veloppement en avril 1988, le groupe Del Mar a plong\u00e9 pour aider \u00e0 la pr\u00e9paration du document de conception. Cette op\u00e9ration a \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9e en juillet 1988. Il d\u00e9crit en d\u00e9tail l&rsquo;architecture de l&rsquo;<em>encyclop\u00e9die multim\u00e9dia Compton&rsquo;s<\/em> qui sera publi\u00e9e dans le nouveau format CD-ROM \u00e0 l&rsquo;automne de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e suivante.<\/p>\n<p>Le document de conception a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une grande collaboration. L&rsquo;ESC disposait de programmeurs informatiques et d&rsquo;experts en \u00e9ducation talentueux sur les sites de San Diego et d&rsquo;Austin, au Texas. Harold Kester et son groupe de moteurs de recherche travaillaient depuis Solana Beach, en Californie, tandis que les r\u00e9dacteurs de Britannica et les experts en logiciels se trouvaient \u00e0 Chicago et \u00e0 San Francisco. Au fil des ans, lorsque j&rsquo;ai rendu visite au brillant groupe \u00e0 Solana Beach, puis \u00e0 La Jolla, en Californie, j&rsquo;ai eu l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;observer de pr\u00e8s le leadership intellectuel et le g\u00e9nie cr\u00e9atif avec lesquels Harold dirigeait son \u00e9quipe. Il \u00e9tait vraiment la bonne personne au bon moment pour cette perc\u00e9e. <\/p>\n<p>Au cours du d\u00e9veloppement, entre 40 et 80 personnes ont travaill\u00e9 \u00e0 tout moment pour donner vie au document de conception sous la forme d&rsquo;un produit enti\u00e8rement fonctionnel. Il ne s&rsquo;agit pas d&rsquo;un prototype ou d&rsquo;un v\u00e9hicule de d\u00e9monstration destin\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre montr\u00e9 et racont\u00e9 lors d&rsquo;une conf\u00e9rence de futuristes. Il s&rsquo;agissait d&rsquo;inventer et de construire le vrai truc. S&rsquo;ils r\u00e9ussissent, il sera prouv\u00e9 que le r\u00eave de Ted Nelson de cr\u00e9er des liens hypertextes &#8211; appel\u00e9 projet Xanadu &#8211; peut devenir r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Quelque chose du type de ce que Ted Nelson avait suppos\u00e9 pourrait \u00eatre mis en pratique et changer le monde pour toujours.<\/p>\n<p>Les membres de l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe de conception ayant une formation en psychop\u00e9dagogie \u00e9taient particuli\u00e8rement sensibles au fait que les enfants apprennent de diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<p>Ils ont insist\u00e9 sur le fait qu&rsquo;il \u00e9tait souhaitable que les utilisateurs disposent de diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res, tant textuelles que graphiques, d&rsquo;acc\u00e9der \u00e0 la m\u00eame information.<\/p>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:right;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-small button-custom fusion-button-default button-2 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:#ffffff;--button_accent_hover_color:#105378;--button_border_hover_color:#ffffff;--button_gradient_top_color:#105378;--button_gradient_bottom_color:#105378;--button_gradient_top_color_hover:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/02\/dr-stanley-frank-vice-president-developpement\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Suivant<\/span><i class=\"fa-angle-double-right fas awb-button__icon awb-button__icon--default button-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;width:100%;max-width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double sep-dotted\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#005b8c;border-color:#005b8c;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1158,1150],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-5-emeutes-et-fusees-inventer-lavenir-eb","category-riots-and-rockets-menu-principal-navigation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Harold Kester, SmarTrieve, et l&#039;encyclop\u00e9die Compton - William J. 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