{"id":29048,"date":"2021-02-16T17:17:37","date_gmt":"2021-02-16T17:17:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2021\/02\/16\/les-trois-saveurs-de-ladn-test-du-chromosome-y-test-autosomique-et-test-mitochondrial\/"},"modified":"2026-09-12T03:03:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-12T03:03:55","slug":"les-trois-saveurs-de-ladn-test-du-chromosome-y-test-autosomique-et-test-mitochondrial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2021\/02\/16\/les-trois-saveurs-de-ladn-test-du-chromosome-y-test-autosomique-et-test-mitochondrial\/","title":{"rendered":"31. Les trois types d&rsquo;ADN : analyses du chromosome Y, autosomiques et mitochondriales"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:8%;--awb-padding-left:8%;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-vimeo fusion-aligncenter\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"Vimeo video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/512263060?autoplay=0&amp;autopause=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double sep-dotted\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#005b8c;border-color:#005b8c;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-margin-bottom:15px;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:34;line-height:1.36;\">Les trois saveurs de l&rsquo;ADN : Test du chromosome Y, test autosomique et test mitochondrial<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 wjb-editors-note\"><p><strong>Note de la r\u00e9daction :<\/strong> Joe propose un guide accessible \u00e0 tous sur les trois tests ADN utilis\u00e9s en g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie. Le test du chromosome Y suit la lign\u00e9e masculine directe, remontant en ligne droite du fils au p\u00e8re puis au grand-p\u00e8re, telle une fl\u00e8che lanc\u00e9e vers le pass\u00e9, et c\u2019est celui que lui et Jimmy Harte ont choisi. Le test autosomique \u2014 j\u2019ai d\u00fb lui demander de m\u2019en \u00e9peler le nom \u2014 utilise les 22 paires de chromosomes non sexuels et est de loin le plus populaire, mais son utilit\u00e9 s\u2019estompe apr\u00e8s environ six g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, \u00e0 mesure que les segments h\u00e9rit\u00e9s se fragmentent de plus en plus. L\u2019ADN mitochondrial se transmet par la lign\u00e9e maternelle et, selon Joe, c\u2019est le moins utile des trois.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double sep-dotted\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#005b8c;border-color:#005b8c;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Transcription<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2 wjb-transcript\"><p style=\"font-size: .85em; font-style: italic;\">Intervenants : <strong>WJB<\/strong> \u2014 William J. Bowe ; <strong>JH<\/strong> \u2014 Joseph Hart. Transcription \u00e0 partir de l&rsquo;enregistrement ; ponctuation ajout\u00e9e et erreurs d&rsquo;\u00e9coute manifestes corrig\u00e9es. <\/p>\n<p><strong>JH :<\/strong> Permettez-moi de vous expliquer bri\u00e8vement en quoi consistent les diff\u00e9rents tests ADN, si la g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie vous int\u00e9resse. Le chromosome Y suit la lign\u00e9e paternelle directe, car seuls les hommes poss\u00e8dent ce chromosome. Il ne sert donc \u00e0 rien \u00e0 une femme de s\u2019int\u00e9resser \u00e0 la lign\u00e9e paternelle directe \u00e0 l\u2019aide du chromosome Y, \u00e0 moins qu\u2019elle ne puisse faire appel \u00e0 un fr\u00e8re, un cousin masculin ou un oncle. L\u2019autre test, plus courant je pense, est l\u2019ADN autosomique, qui utilise les chromosomes autosomiques. Vous disposez donc de 22 paires de chromosomes. Ces 22 paires correspondent aux chromosomes autosomiques.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>WJB :<\/strong> Et comment s&rsquo;\u00e9crit \u00ab autosomique \u00bb ? Je ne suis pas s\u00fbr de bien comprendre. <\/p>\n<p><strong>JH :<\/strong> C&rsquo;est A-U-T-O, comme \u00ab auto \u00bb, \u00ab somal \u00bb, S-O-M-A-L. Et \u00ab somal \u00bb est en quelque sorte un mot latin qui d\u00e9signe essentiellement une racine li\u00e9e au corps, c\u2019est ce qui me vient \u00e0 l\u2019esprit. Ce sont donc ces chromosomes qui d\u00e9terminent votre apparence physique \u00e0 mesure que vous grandissez. Ils contribuent aux traits que vous h\u00e9ritez de vos parents et \u00e0 bien d\u2019autres choses encore. Il s\u2019agit donc d\u2019un autre test.    <\/p>\n<p>Le chromosome Y se transmet depuis des centaines d\u2019ann\u00e9es, en ligne directe du fils au p\u00e8re, au grand-p\u00e8re, puis \u00e0 l\u2019arri\u00e8re-grand-p\u00e8re, exactement comme une ligne droite, comme si vous lanciez une fl\u00e8che dans le pass\u00e9. Il reste tr\u00e8s stable au fil du temps. S\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019un g\u00e8ne \u2014 ce n\u2019est pas exactement comme un g\u00e8ne, mais des modifications se produisent au fil du temps \u2014, cela permet de d\u00e9terminer approximativement \u00e0 quelle \u00e9poque remonte une correspondance du chromosome Y par rapport \u00e0 vous, ou de remonter jusqu\u2019\u00e0 un anc\u00eatre commun. C\u2019est donc ce que Jimmy et moi recherchions. Nous avons donc fini par recourir au test du chromosome Y.    <\/p>\n<p>Mais permettez-moi de m\u2019\u00e9tendre un peu plus sur les chromosomes autosomiques. Il s\u2019agit donc des 22 autres paires de chromosomes pr\u00e9sentes dans chacune de vos cellules, en plus des chromosomes sexuels, \u00e0 savoir le X et le Y. On ne les appelle pas \u00ab chromosomes autosomiques \u00bb, mais le chromosome X est parfois pris en compte et analys\u00e9 lorsque vous effectuez un test autosomique. Vous pouvez donc utiliser le chromosome X dans une certaine mesure, cela peut \u00eatre utile, mais pas autant que l\u2019analyse des chromosomes autosomiques proprement dits.  <\/p>\n<p>L\u2019autre test ADN est appel\u00e9 \u00ab ADN mitochondrial \u00bb. Les mitochondries constituent donc un autre petit \u00e9l\u00e9ment de votre cellule. Elles sont responsables de certaines fonctions m\u00e9taboliques cellulaires. Et elles poss\u00e8dent un peu de leur propre ADN. Il est donc possible de l\u2019analyser, mais cela n\u2019est pas vraiment utile pour la g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie, \u00e0 moins que vous ne vous int\u00e9ressiez davantage \u00e0 votre lign\u00e9e maternelle directe, car l\u2019ADN mitochondrial est transmis par la m\u00e8re. La m\u00e8re transmet l\u2019ADN mitochondrial \u00e0 ses enfants, qu\u2019ils soient de sexe masculin ou f\u00e9minin, mais il se transmet essentiellement par la lign\u00e9e maternelle. Or, il est si stable au fil des mill\u00e9naires que, \u00e0 mon avis, parmi ces trois tests, c\u2019est probablement le moins utile pour la g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie. Et bien s\u00fbr, le chromosome Y n\u2019est utile que si vous effectuez des recherches sur votre lign\u00e9e masculine directe. Le test autosomique est donc de loin le plus populaire.        <\/p>\n<p>L\u2019inconv\u00e9nient des tests autosomiques est qu\u2019ils ne sont utiles que pour remonter \u00e0 environ six g\u00e9n\u00e9rations en arri\u00e8re par rapport \u00e0 la personne qui passe le test. Six g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, cela correspond \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s \u00e0 des cousins au cinqui\u00e8me degr\u00e9. Des cousins au quatri\u00e8me degr\u00e9, je suppose. Quatre arri\u00e8re-grands-parents en arri\u00e8re. Et m\u00eame dans ce cas, les r\u00e9sultats sont plus fiables si vous vous comparez \u00e0 vos fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs ou \u00e0 vos parents. La fiabilit\u00e9 est ensuite meilleure lorsque vous essayez de vous comparer \u00e0 vos cousins au premier degr\u00e9. Elle l\u2019est encore un peu plus avec les cousins au deuxi\u00e8me degr\u00e9, et ainsi, \u00e0 chaque g\u00e9n\u00e9ration que vous remontez, tout l\u2019ADN h\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u2019un anc\u00eatre commun se fragmente en morceaux de plus en plus petits. Au point qu\u2019une fois que l\u2019on en arrive \u00e0 r\u00e9partir ces segments sur six g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, ils sont si petits que, d\u2019un point de vue statistique, ils ne permettent plus de d\u00e9terminer qui pourrait \u00eatre votre anc\u00eatre commun. Cela pr\u00e9sente donc une limite par rapport au chromosome Y ou \u00e0 l\u2019ADN mitochondrial.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double sep-dotted\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#005b8c;border-color:#005b8c;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"video","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1206,1036,710,709,715],"tags":[1075],"class_list":["post-29048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-video","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bill-bowe-sentretient-avec-la-famille","category-c-test-adn","category-hart-fr","category-joseph-christopher-hart-fr","category-videos-de-hart","tag-family-vol-2-fr","post_format-post-format-video"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>31. 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