{"id":28597,"date":"2022-12-02T17:45:40","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T17:45:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2022\/12\/02\/upi-leternel-second-couteau-de-lassociated-press\/"},"modified":"2023-08-11T18:22:15","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T18:22:15","slug":"upi-leternel-second-couteau-de-lassociated-press","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2022\/12\/02\/upi-leternel-second-couteau-de-lassociated-press\/","title":{"rendered":"UPI – L’\u00e9ternel second couteau de l’Associated Press."},"content":{"rendered":"

UPI – L’\u00e9ternel second couteau de l’Associated Press.<\/strong><\/h2><\/h1><\/div>

\"\"

Early Washington, DC Bureau de l’UP<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\nU<\/span>nited Press avait \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9e en 1907 par E.W. Scripps, propri\u00e9taire de journaux \u00e0 Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus et Toledo. Les journaux ont couvert les nouvelles locales de ces villes de mani\u00e8re ad\u00e9quate mais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9savantag\u00e9s dans la couverture des nouvelles non locales. Les concurrents de Scripps avaient un acc\u00e8s peu co\u00fbteux aux nouvelles en dehors de leurs march\u00e9s locaux parce qu’ils avaient acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l’agence de presse de l’Associated Press et pas Scripps. AP \u00e9tait une organisation coop\u00e9rative autonome de collecte d’informations cr\u00e9\u00e9e et financ\u00e9e \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque par ses membres, la plupart des plus grands journaux du pays. Comme ces journaux mettaient l’ensemble de leur couverture \u00e0 la disposition de leur coop\u00e9rative AP, l’AP \u00e9tait en mesure de t\u00e9l\u00e9graphier ces histoires locales \u00e0 tous les autres membres de l’AP.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Les journaux coop\u00e9ratifs qui poss\u00e9daient AP avaient consolid\u00e9 leur monopole sur ce type de reportage \u00e9conomique en interdisant \u00e0 AP de vendre \u00e0 plus d’un journal sur chaque march\u00e9. Cette situation avait contraint Scripps \u00e0 prendre une mesure non rentable en commen\u00e7ant \u00e0 placer ses propres reporters dans des villes o\u00f9 elle n’avait pas de journal ou de moyen de compenser le co\u00fbt.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 ce probl\u00e8me \u00e0 laquelle Scripps est arriv\u00e9 est de cr\u00e9er un concurrent \u00e0 AP. Apr\u00e8s quelques ann\u00e9es, son United Press disposait d’un petit nombre de correspondants dans les villes qui transmettaient environ 12 000 mots de code Morse sur des lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9graphiques lou\u00e9es \u00e0 369 journaux.<\/p>\n

Plus tard, l’UP est devenue un concurrent digne de ce nom de l’AP, mais au fil des d\u00e9cennies, elle est toujours rest\u00e9e au second rang en termes de taille et de port\u00e9e. Ce qui lui manquait dans les ressources plus profondes de l’AP, il a essay\u00e9 de le compenser par un accent color\u00e9 sur les personnes et des reportages succincts et vivants. Elle \u00e9tait fi\u00e8re de sa r\u00e9putation de \u00ab\u00a0Avis\u00a0\u00bb face \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0Hertz\u00a0\u00bb de l’AP et n’a cess\u00e9, au cours de sa longue comp\u00e9tition avec l’AP, d’obtenir de nombreux scoops.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1920, le directeur d’UP a bri\u00e8vement rencontr\u00e9 William Randolph Hearst pour discuter d’une fusion avec le concurrent International News Service de la cha\u00eene de journaux Hearst, INS ayant \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque ses propres difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 concurrencer le mastodonte AP. Selon l’histoire de l’UPI dans le livre Down to the Wire<\/em>, \u00e9crit par Gregory Gordon et Ronald Cohen, Hearst aurait r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab\u00a0Vous savez, une m\u00e8re est toujours la plus tendre avec son enfant le plus malade. Donc, je suppose que je vais garder l’INS.\u00a0\u00bb Cependant, en 1954, trois ans apr\u00e8s la mort de Hearst, la m\u00e8re de l’INS n’est plus dans le paysage. La fusion a eu lieu et l’United Press est devenue United Press International.<\/p>\n

Au cours des deux d\u00e9cennies suivantes, UPI a prosp\u00e9r\u00e9. En 1975, elle comptait 6 911 clients. Ses principaux producteurs de revenus \u00e9taient alors 1 146 journaux et 3 680 diffuseurs. Les progr\u00e8s technologiques en mati\u00e8re d’informatisation avaient permis de faire progresser les t\u00e9l\u00e9types, mais la technologie satellitaire, qui permet de r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9conomies, \u00e9tait encore dans l’avenir.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s 1975, le d\u00e9placement continu des dollars publicitaires des journaux vers la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9duire fortement le nombre de journaux de l’apr\u00e8s-midi dans le pays. Cela a eu un effet de plus en plus n\u00e9gatif sur les finances d’UPI. \u00c0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1970, les pourparlers de fusion d’UPI avec CBS, National Public Radio et d’autres acheteurs potentiels n’ont pas abouti et les dirigeants de Scripps ont annonc\u00e9 publiquement qu’ils \u00e9taient int\u00e9ress\u00e9s par une vente ou une autre forme de cession d’UPI. En 1980, une ann\u00e9e quadriennale avec des d\u00e9penses d’information suppl\u00e9mentaires pour les \u00e9lections pr\u00e9sidentielles et les Jeux olympiques, la cha\u00eene Scripps a \u00e9t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9e d’assumer une perte d’exploitation annuelle de 12 millions de dollars pour sa filiale UPI.<\/p>\n

\"\"

220 East 42nd Street NYC Salle de presse 1981<\/p><\/div>\n

Aucune partie responsable dans le secteur de la presse ne s’\u00e9tant manifest\u00e9e pour proposer de racheter UPI, le trust familial E.W. Scripps, propri\u00e9taire de la cha\u00eene de journaux, a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 faire pression pour que UPI soit vendu sur n’importe quelle base. Les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires du Trust \u00e9taient les h\u00e9ritiers de la famille Scripps. Les fiduciaires du Trust, qui avaient une obligation fiduciaire envers les h\u00e9ritiers, \u00e9taient de plus en plus pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s par le fait que si le Trust continuait \u00e0 d\u00e9tenir UPI, les fiduciaires pourraient, \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9 dans le futur, \u00eatre soumis \u00e0 un passif non capitalis\u00e9 de 50 millions de dollars. Ils craignaient \u00e9galement que les h\u00e9ritiers n’intentent des poursuites contre les fiduciaires pour avoir gaspill\u00e9 les actifs du Trust en continuant \u00e0 financer les pertes d’une agence de presse qui n’\u00e9tait plus essentielle pour les journaux Scripps.<\/p>\n

Entrez \u00e0 ce moment propice, Douglas Ruhe et William Geissler. Ils ont achet\u00e9 UPI \u00e0 Scripps pour 1 dollar en juin 1982.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25921,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[988,996,573],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28597","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-trouver-ma-voie","category-united-press-international-fr","category-william-john-bowe-jr-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUPI - L'\u00e9ternel second couteau de l'Associated Press. - William J. 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