{"id":28566,"date":"2023-01-04T19:54:21","date_gmt":"2023-01-04T19:54:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2023\/01\/04\/larticle-de-the-atlantic-monthly-intitule-1945-as-we-may-think-1945-comme-on-peut-le-penser\/"},"modified":"2023-02-21T22:10:42","modified_gmt":"2023-02-21T22:10:42","slug":"larticle-de-the-atlantic-monthly-intitule-1945-as-we-may-think-1945-comme-on-peut-le-penser","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2023\/01\/04\/larticle-de-the-atlantic-monthly-intitule-1945-as-we-may-think-1945-comme-on-peut-le-penser\/","title":{"rendered":"L’article de The Atlantic Monthly intitul\u00e9 \u00a0\u00bb 1945 As We May Think \u00a0\u00bb (1945 comme on peut le penser)"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’article de The Atlantic Monthly intitul\u00e9 \u00a0\u00bb 1945 As We May Think<\/em> \u00a0\u00bb (1945 comme on peut le penser<\/em> )<\/strong><\/h2><\/h1><\/div>

\"Bush<\/h2>\n

I<\/span>ans un article qui fait d\u00e9sormais date, publi\u00e9 en juillet 1945 dans l’Atlantic Monthly<\/em> et intitul\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0As We May Think\u00a0\u00bb, Bush expose la vision d’un monde dans lequel les ordinateurs occuperaient une place centrale dans notre vie sociale et professionnelle. L’article reste, \u00e0 ce jour, stup\u00e9fiant par l’exactitude de ses perceptions concernant l’\u00e9volution probable de l’informatique. Dans une introduction d\u00e9crivant l’id\u00e9e ma\u00eetresse de l’article de Bush, le r\u00e9dacteur en chef de l’Atlantic Monthly \u00e9crit : \u00ab\u00a0Maintenant, dit le docteur Bush, des instruments sont \u00e0 port\u00e9e de main qui, s’ils sont correctement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, permettront aux hommes d’acc\u00e9der au savoir h\u00e9rit\u00e9 des \u00e2ges et de le ma\u00eetriser.\u00a0\u00bb Ce n’est pas un petit pas pour l’humanit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Illustration

Un ordinateur personnel en perspective<\/p><\/div>\n

Dans cet article, M. Bush examine les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9cents, tels que le tube cathodique, la photographie s\u00e8che et la microphotographie, et r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont les extensions logiques de ces technologies pourraient \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9es pour cr\u00e9er une future Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/em> miniaturis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0L’Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica <\/em>pourrait \u00eatre r\u00e9duite au volume d’une bo\u00eete d’allumettes. Une biblioth\u00e8que d’un million de volumes pourrait \u00eatre comprim\u00e9e dans une extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 d’un bureau. Si l’esp\u00e8ce humaine a produit depuis l’invention des caract\u00e8res mobiles un ensemble de documents, sous forme de revues, journaux, livres, tracts, annonces publicitaires, correspondance, dont le volume correspond \u00e0 un milliard de livres, le tout, assembl\u00e9 et comprim\u00e9, pourrait \u00eatre trimball\u00e9 dans un camion de d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

\"\"

Le concept Memex de Bush<\/p><\/div>\n

Bien que Bush ait pens\u00e9 en termes de microfilms plut\u00f4t que de lecteurs magn\u00e9tiques, de disques optiques ou de plaquettes de silicium pour le stockage de donn\u00e9es, il a imagin\u00e9 une machine de lecture probable pour un support de stockage de grande capacit\u00e9 qui ressemble beaucoup \u00e0 l’ordinateur personnel d’aujourd’hui. Bush l’appelait un Memex et le d\u00e9crivait ainsi :<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Consid\u00e9rons un dispositif futur \u00e0 usage individuel, qui est une sorte de fichier et de biblioth\u00e8que priv\u00e9s m\u00e9canis\u00e9s. Il lui faut un nom, et, pour en trouver un au hasard, \u00ab\u00a0memex\u00a0\u00bb fera l’affaire. Un memex est un appareil dans lequel un individu stocke tous ses livres, ses dossiers et ses communications, et qui est m\u00e9canis\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 pouvoir \u00eatre consult\u00e9 avec une rapidit\u00e9 et une souplesse extr\u00eames. C’est un compl\u00e9ment intime et \u00e9largi de sa m\u00e9moire. … Au sommet se trouvent des \u00e9crans translucides inclin\u00e9s, sur lesquels on peut projeter du mat\u00e9riel pour une lecture pratique. Il y a un clavier et des s\u00e9ries de boutons et de leviers. Sinon, il ressemble \u00e0 un bureau ordinaire. \u00c0 une extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 se trouve le mat\u00e9riel stock\u00e9… Des formes enti\u00e8rement nouvelles d’encyclop\u00e9dies appara\u00eetront toutes pr\u00eates avec un r\u00e9seau de pistes associatives, pr\u00eates \u00e0 \u00eatre d\u00e9pos\u00e9es dans le memex et \u00e0 y \u00eatre amplifi\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

En 1945, Bush a fait preuve de prescience en d\u00e9crivant son id\u00e9e de ce \u00e0 quoi pourrait ressembler l’ordinateur personnel du futur. C’est d’autant plus vrai que les ordinateurs de l’\u00e9poque devaient obligatoirement utiliser des tubes \u00e0 vide. Les tubes \u00e0 vide constituaient une grande limite pour les ordinateurs de l’\u00e9poque.<\/p>\n

Bien que le transistor ait \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9 en 1947 par des physiciens des laboratoires de Bell Telephone, le passage des tubes \u00e0 vide, lents, produisant de la chaleur et souvent br\u00fbl\u00e9s, \u00e0 des transistors plus frais, plus puissants et plus fiables ne s’est pas fait du jour au lendemain.<\/p>\n

\"Couverture \"PopularPar exemple, lorsque le num\u00e9ro de mars 1949 de Popular Mechanics <\/em> Surveill\u00e9 par l’ordinateur ENIAC (de \u00ab\u00a0Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer\u00a0\u00bb), alors \u00e0 la pointe de la technologie, l’impact potentiel du transistor, sans parler de la puce du microprocesseur, \u00e9tait totalement absent : \u00ab\u00a0L\u00e0 o\u00f9 un calculateur de l’ENIAC est \u00e9quip\u00e9 de 18 000 tubes \u00e0 vide et p\u00e8se 30 tonnes, les ordinateurs du futur pourraient n’avoir que 1 000 tubes \u00e0 vide et peser peut-\u00eatre 1,5 tonne.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div>

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