{"id":28565,"date":"2023-01-05T19:53:27","date_gmt":"2023-01-05T19:53:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2023\/01\/05\/ted-nelson-lhypertexte-envisage-et-poursuivi\/"},"modified":"2026-02-26T15:53:51","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T15:53:51","slug":"ted-nelson-lhypertexte-envisage-et-poursuivi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2023\/01\/05\/ted-nelson-lhypertexte-envisage-et-poursuivi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ted Nelson &#8211; L&rsquo;hypertexte envisag\u00e9 et poursuivi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1372.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:55;line-height:1.09;\"><h2><strong>Ted Nelson &#8211; L&rsquo;hypertexte envisag\u00e9 et poursuivi<\/strong><\/h2><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:0;--awb-flex-shrink-small:0;width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:3%;--awb-bg-color:var(--awb-color2);--awb-bg-color-hover:var(--awb-color2);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color7);--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-right:1px;--awb-border-bottom:1px;--awb-border-left:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-space-between fusion-content-layout-row fusion-flex-align-items-center\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-max-width:100px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" alt=\"Encyclop\u00e9die\" title=\"chapitre_Comptons-Encyclop\u00e9die interactive\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/chapter_Comptons-Interactive-Encyclopedia.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-27863\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/chapter_Comptons-Interactive-Encyclopedia-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/chapter_Comptons-Interactive-Encyclopedia.jpg 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div style=\"text-align:right;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-medium button-default fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-span-no fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:5px;\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/07\/chapitre-5-inventer-le-futur-encyclopaedia-britannica\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Chapitre 5 : Inventer l&rsquo;avenir &#8211; Encyclopaedia Britannica (dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9)<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1372.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 awb-text-cols fusion-text-columns-2\" style=\"--awb-columns:2;--awb-column-spacing:2em;--awb-column-min-width:100px;\"><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26620 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Portrait-2.jpg\" alt=\"Nelson, Ted Portrait 2\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Portrait-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Portrait-2-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Portrait-2.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fusion-dropcap dropcap\">A<\/span>Un autre \u00e9l\u00e9ment du d\u00e9fi de la gestion de l&rsquo;information que Bush a compris est le fait que trouver rapidement des informations gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la compression des donn\u00e9es et aux affichages avanc\u00e9s ne r\u00e9sout pas le besoin de passer facilement d&rsquo;un type d&rsquo;informations pertinentes \u00e0 des informations diff\u00e9rentes, mais connexes. Il a reconnu qu&rsquo;il restait n\u00e9cessaire de cr\u00e9er une interface homme\/machine qui refl\u00e8te de mani\u00e8re plus r\u00e9aliste la fa\u00e7on dont les gens pensent.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, dans un dernier \u00e9lan de cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9, Vannevar Bush a imagin\u00e9 ce que nous appelons aujourd&rsquo;hui \u00ab\u00a0hypertexte\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0hyperlien\u00a0\u00bb. Il s&rsquo;agit du texte mis en \u00e9vidence ou du graphique interactif sur un \u00e9cran d&rsquo;ordinateur qui, lorsqu&rsquo;on clique dessus avec la souris, conduit l&rsquo;utilisateur \u00e0 des informations connexes stock\u00e9es \u00e0 un autre endroit.<\/p>\n<p>Bush a constat\u00e9 que les index statiques \u00e9taient un moyen imparfait de rechercher et d&rsquo;acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l&rsquo;information et que ce qu&rsquo;il fallait, c&rsquo;\u00e9tait un moyen plus direct de passer d&rsquo;une id\u00e9e \u00e0 une autre. Il a compris qu&rsquo;une limitation majeure de l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s rapide \u00e0 l&rsquo;information souhait\u00e9e \u00e9tait l&rsquo;absence de moyens d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s associatif \u00e0 cette information. <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-26636\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Hypertext-Diagram-300x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Hypertext-Diagram-200x172.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Hypertext-Diagram-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Hypertext-Diagram.jpg 310w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>En bref, il a vu la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un m\u00e9canisme d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s al\u00e9atoire qui fournirait \u00e9galement des connexions rapides \u00e0 des informations connexes dans diff\u00e9rents endroits &#8211; des hyperliens comme nous les appelons maintenant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00ab\u00a0La simple compression, bien s\u00fbr, ne suffit pas ; il faut non seulement fabriquer et stocker un document, mais aussi \u00eatre capable de le consulter. Notre incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 acc\u00e9der au document est largement due \u00e0 l&rsquo;artificialit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;indexation. Lorsque des donn\u00e9es, quelles qu&rsquo;elles soient, sont stock\u00e9es, elles sont class\u00e9es par ordre alphab\u00e9tique ou num\u00e9rique, et l&rsquo;information est trouv\u00e9e (quand elle l&rsquo;est) en la remontant de sous-classe en sous-classe. Elle ne peut se trouver qu&rsquo;\u00e0 un seul endroit, \u00e0 moins que l&rsquo;on n&rsquo;utilise des doublons ; il faut \u00e9tablir des r\u00e8gles pour savoir quel chemin la localisera, et ces r\u00e8gles sont lourdes. De plus, apr\u00e8s avoir trouv\u00e9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment, il faut sortir du syst\u00e8me et entrer \u00e0 nouveau dans un nouveau chemin. L&rsquo;esprit humain ne fonctionne pas de cette fa\u00e7on. Il fonctionne par association. Une fois qu&rsquo;il a trouv\u00e9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment, il passe instantan\u00e9ment \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment suivant, sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 par l&rsquo;association de pens\u00e9es, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau complexe de pistes transport\u00e9es par les cellules du cerveau. La s\u00e9lection par association, plut\u00f4t que par indexation, peut encore \u00eatre m\u00e9canis\u00e9e.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21954\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21954\" class=\"wp-image-18980 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-300x251.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-200x168.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-300x251.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-400x335.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-600x503.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-768x644.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-800x670.jpg 800w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-1024x858.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy-1200x1006.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ted-Nelson-Xanadu-Early-and-Late-Drafts-of-Declaration-of-Independence-copy.jpg 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21954\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Xanadu montrant des versions modifi\u00e9es de la d\u00e9claration d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Si le concept de logiciel de Ted Nelson, baptis\u00e9 Projet Xanadu, n&rsquo;a pas pu \u00eatre mis en pratique malgr\u00e9 des d\u00e9cennies de d\u00e9veloppement laborieux, les chercheurs consid\u00e8rent aujourd&rsquo;hui que les id\u00e9es de Nelson sur l&rsquo;hypertexte ont eu une influence sur la mani\u00e8re dont les gens ont envisag\u00e9 les concepts d&rsquo;interface informatique et la nature potentiellement r\u00e9volutionnaire des hyperliens.<\/p>\n<p>Ses parents \u00e9taient la royaut\u00e9 d&rsquo;Hollywood. Le p\u00e8re Ralph Nelson a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 le film <em>Lilies of the Field <\/em>en 1963, qui a permis \u00e0 Sidney Poitier de remporter le premier Oscar du meilleur acteur. Sa m\u00e8re \u00e9tait l&rsquo;actrice Celeste Holm, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9e pour sa performance dans le film <em>All About Eve<\/em> en 1950.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-26623\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Dream-Machines-Cover-300x206.jpg\" alt=\"Nelson, Ted - Couverture de Dream Machines\" width=\"300\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Dream-Machines-Cover-200x137.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Dream-Machines-Cover-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Dream-Machines-Cover-400x275.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Dream-Machines-Cover-600x412.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Dream-Machines-Cover.jpg 686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Titulaire d&rsquo;une licence en philosophie du Swarthmore College, une petite \u00e9cole d&rsquo;arts lib\u00e9raux de Pennsylvanie fond\u00e9e par des Quakers, Nelson a entam\u00e9 en 1959 des \u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures en sociologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 de Chicago. Il passe ensuite \u00e0 Harvard, o\u00f9 il obtient sa ma\u00eetrise en 1962. C&rsquo;est \u00e0 Harvard qu&rsquo;il a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler sur un \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;\u00e9criture\u00a0\u00bb qui permettrait aux gens de stocker ce qu&rsquo;ils ont \u00e9crit, de le modifier et de l&rsquo;imprimer. Son concept comprenait la possibilit\u00e9 de voir les modifications dans un format c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te qui permettrait \u00e9galement de conserver le train des changements. Au fur et \u00e0 mesure que le projet Xanadu \u00e9voluait \u00e0 travers les d\u00e9cennies d&rsquo;efforts infructueux pour produire un logiciel utile et commercial, des indices de ce qui pourrait \u00eatre en magasin \u00e9taient \u00e9vidents, mais n&rsquo;ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 rendus exploitables&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Nelson a utilis\u00e9 le terme \u00ab\u00a0hypertexte\u00a0\u00bb dans plusieurs articles qu&rsquo;il a publi\u00e9s en 1965. <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-26626\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic-300x240.jpg\" alt=\"Nelson, Ted - Xanadu_Schematic\" width=\"300\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic-200x160.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic-400x319.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic-600x479.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic-768x613.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu_Schematic.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Bien que le code de Xanadu n&rsquo;ait jamais pu \u00eatre \u00e9crit pour r\u00e9aliser ce r\u00eave, la recherche s&rsquo;est poursuivie pour trouver un moyen viable de relier utilement des textes non s\u00e9quentiels. Nelson a publi\u00e9 ses id\u00e9es dans un article soumis \u00e0 l&rsquo;Association for Computing Machinery en 1965. Il les a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s dans ses livres <em>Computer Lib\/Dream Machines<\/em> (1974) et <em>Literary Machines<\/em> (1981).<\/p>\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 et 1960, l&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 envisag\u00e9e dans la prospective et les r\u00e9flexions de Bush et Nelson \u00e9tait encore loin, compte tenu de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat du d\u00e9veloppement informatique de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-26629\" src=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu-Model-300x276.jpg\" alt=\"Nelson, Ted Mod\u00e8le Xanadu\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu-Model-200x184.jpg 200w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu-Model-300x276.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu-Model-400x367.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wbowe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Nelson-Ted-Xanadu-Model.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>C&rsquo;\u00e9tait l&rsquo;\u00e8re du \u00ab\u00a0gros fer\u00a0\u00bb, comme on appelait les ordinateurs centraux d&rsquo;IBM et autres. Malgr\u00e9 leur puissance et leur envergure croissantes, ils ne parvenaient pas encore \u00e0 int\u00e9grer facilement les images au texte, et encore moins \u00e0 les coupler au son et \u00e0 la vid\u00e9o. Tout en continuant \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper, la vitesse et la puissance de traitement des unit\u00e9s centrales de Big Iron n&rsquo;en \u00e9taient qu&rsquo;\u00e0 leurs d\u00e9buts. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du stockage. Les dispositifs de m\u00e9moire \u00e0 tambour magn\u00e9tique \u00e9taient arriv\u00e9s sur le march\u00e9 en 1950. Ils fonctionnaient en stockant des informations sur l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur d&rsquo;un cylindre rotatif recouvert d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau ferromagn\u00e9tique. Ce dernier \u00e9tait entour\u00e9 de t\u00eates de lecture et d&rsquo;\u00e9criture qui restaient dans une position fixe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":26633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[991,988,573],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-encyclopaedia-britannica-inventer-lavenir","category-trouver-ma-voie","category-william-john-bowe-jr-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ted Nelson - L&#039;hypertexte envisag\u00e9 et poursuivi - William J. 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