{"id":28560,"date":"2023-01-06T07:07:28","date_gmt":"2023-01-06T07:07:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2023\/01\/06\/alan-kay\/"},"modified":"2023-02-21T21:13:08","modified_gmt":"2023-02-21T21:13:08","slug":"alan-kay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2023\/01\/06\/alan-kay\/","title":{"rendered":"Alan Kay"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alan Kay –<\/strong><\/h2><\/h1><\/div>

\"AlanT<\/span>e financement des travaux du SRI par l’Agence pour les projets de recherche avanc\u00e9e du minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense s’est tari au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1970. Lorsque le centre d’activit\u00e9 du Stanford Research Institute d’Engelbart a ferm\u00e9 en 1977, un certain nombre de ses chercheurs en informatique ont rejoint le Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) de la Xerox Corporation pour poursuivre leurs travaux sur les interfaces homme-machine.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs du PARC, dont notamment Alan Kay, ont continu\u00e9 \u00e0 se concentrer sur le mariage des graphiques et des animations avec les syst\u00e8mes informatiques. Ils ont \u00e9galement r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi \u00e0 des interfaces plus simples avec lesquelles m\u00eame les enfants pourraient interagir. En ce qui concerne Britannica, Kay s’int\u00e9ressera \u00e9galement plus tard \u00e0 la nature probable d’une encyclop\u00e9die \u00e9lectronique.<\/p>\n

\"Alan

Alan Kay<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

L’\u00e9ducation pr\u00e9coce de Kay avait beaucoup \u00e0 voir avec les ordinateurs. Apr\u00e8s avoir travaill\u00e9 sur des ordinateurs IBM dans l’arm\u00e9e de l’air, Kay s’est inscrit \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 du Colorado et a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me de premier cycle en math\u00e9matiques et en biologie mol\u00e9culaire en 1966. En 1969, il a obtenu son doctorat en informatique \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 de l’Utah. Sa th\u00e8se portait sur l’orientation graphique des objets. Apr\u00e8s avoir enseign\u00e9 deux ans au Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Kay est pass\u00e9 au PARC, o\u00f9 il s’est concentr\u00e9 sur les affichages bitmap, le fen\u00eatrage et l’interface utilisateur de type pointer-cliquer-glisser.<\/p>\n

Lorsque Steve Jobs et ses coll\u00e8gues d’Apple ont visit\u00e9 le PARC en 1979, ils ont vu l’avenir de l’informatique dans ce sur quoi Kay et ses coll\u00e8gues avaient travaill\u00e9. L’interface utilisateur graphique unique d’Apple refl\u00e8te l’approche avant-gardiste du PARC en mati\u00e8re de conception d’interfaces. Comme il fallait s’y attendre, Kay a ensuite travaill\u00e9 directement pour Apple en tant que chercheur, avant d’occuper des fonctions similaires pour The Walt Disney Company et, \u00e0 partir de novembre 2002, pour Hewlett-Packard. Gr\u00e2ce aux travaux de Nelson, Engelbart, Kay et bien d’autres, les premi\u00e8res id\u00e9es de Bush sur les progr\u00e8s de la technologie informatique ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 et, au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980, les machines informatiques ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 faire leur entr\u00e9e dans le grand public.<\/p>\n

Cependant, les affichages des syst\u00e8mes d’exploitation de l’\u00e9poque \u00e9taient encore arides et centr\u00e9s sur le texte. Il n’y avait pas d’\u00e9crans haute r\u00e9solution ou couleur. Il manquait \u00e9galement la capacit\u00e9 de stockage local beaucoup plus importante n\u00e9cessaire pour jouer le jeu de la gestion dynamique des connaissances.<\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, il est rest\u00e9 beaucoup plus facile de r\u00eaver d’une machine th\u00e9orique dot\u00e9e d’une interface accessible au commun des mortels et remplie de programmes riches en donn\u00e9es et charg\u00e9s d’hyperliens informatiques que d’en construire une. Beaucoup, comme Ted Nelson et Alan Kay, avaient commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 l’aspect interface des choses. Kay, en particulier, a longuement r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi \u00e0 la construction d’une base de donn\u00e9es encyclop\u00e9dique complexe.\"\"<\/p>\n

Cependant, le d\u00e9cor \u00e9tait plant\u00e9 pour la grande perc\u00e9e : des ordinateurs con\u00e7us pour le march\u00e9 grand public. La promesse de campagne du s\u00e9nateur de Louisiane Huey Long, \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque de la d\u00e9pression, \u00ab\u00a0un poulet dans chaque casserole\u00a0\u00bb, est devenue \u00ab\u00a0un ordinateur dans chaque foyer\u00a0\u00bb pour Apple et IBM dans les ann\u00e9es 1980. Le magazine Time a fait de l’ordinateur personnel IBM la \u00ab\u00a0machine de l’ann\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb en 1981, et l’ann\u00e9e suivante, Steve Jobs d’Apple en a fait la couverture. Cela t\u00e9moignait du fait que l’ordinateur sortait enfin du cadre des grandes administrations, des grandes entreprises et des grandes universit\u00e9s pour entrer dans les foyers.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":26771,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[991,988,573],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-encyclopaedia-britannica-inventer-lavenir","category-trouver-ma-voie","category-william-john-bowe-jr-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAlan Kay - William J. Bowe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2023\/01\/06\/alan-kay\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alan Kay - William J. 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