{"id":28461,"date":"2023-01-30T18:26:34","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T18:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2023\/02\/14\/le-cadeau-de-lencyclopaedia-britannica-a-lere-numerique\/"},"modified":"2023-08-08T17:55:58","modified_gmt":"2023-08-08T17:55:58","slug":"le-cadeau-de-lencyclopaedia-britannica-a-lere-numerique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2023\/01\/30\/le-cadeau-de-lencyclopaedia-britannica-a-lere-numerique\/","title":{"rendered":"Le cadeau de l’Encyclopaedia Britannica \u00e0 l’\u00e8re num\u00e9rique"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le cadeau de l’Encyclopaedia Britannica \u00e0 l’\u00e8re num\u00e9rique<\/strong><\/a><\/h2>\n

M<\/span>pr\u00e8s avoir occup\u00e9 pendant 28 ans les fonctions de vice-pr\u00e9sident ex\u00e9cutif, d’avocat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et de secr\u00e9taire de l’Encyclopaedia Britannica, ainsi que celles de secr\u00e9taire de son ancien propri\u00e9taire, la Fondation William Benton, Tony Bowe a naturellement d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d’interroger son cousin sur sa carri\u00e8re chez Britannica. Bill commence par raconter \u00e0 Tony l’histoire d’EB, sa fondation \u00e0 \u00c9dimbourg, en \u00c9cosse, et son d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement \u00e0 Chicago il y a presque un si\u00e8cle, lorsqu’elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 rachet\u00e9e par Sears, Roebuck.<\/p>\n

Il note que Sears a rendu l’entreprise rentable gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son invention d’un annuaire pour les imprim\u00e9s dans les ann\u00e9es 1930 et comment, lorsqu’elle n’a pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 faire don de l’entreprise \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Chicago pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, EB a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e par le vice-pr\u00e9sident de l’Universit\u00e9, William Benton. Apr\u00e8s la mort de Benton, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est pass\u00e9e aux mains de la Fondation William Benton, qui en est rest\u00e9e propri\u00e9taire jusqu’\u00e0 sa vente \u00e0 Jacob Safra en 1996.<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la question de Tony sur la fa\u00e7on dont la s\u00e9rie imprim\u00e9e d’EB s’est comport\u00e9e avec l’arriv\u00e9e des technologies du d\u00e9but de l’\u00e8re num\u00e9rique, Bill \u00e9voque le r\u00f4le jou\u00e9 par Charles Van Doren dans la mise en ligne de l’Encyclopaedia Britannica <\/em>au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il poursuit en d\u00e9crivant la r\u00e9flexion qui \u00e9tait men\u00e9e \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque sur ce \u00e0 quoi pourrait ressembler une encyclop\u00e9die num\u00e9rique et les avantages qu’avait EB \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un produit aussi r\u00e9volutionnaire. Selon Bill, c’est de mani\u00e8re fortuite, et co\u00efncidant avec les avanc\u00e9es mat\u00e9rielles en mati\u00e8re d’unit\u00e9s de traitement informatique et de stockage num\u00e9rique, qu’EB a engag\u00e9 le brillant ing\u00e9nieur logiciel Harold Kester. Selon lui, c’est Kester qui a mis au point l’invention du syst\u00e8me de recherche logiciel au c\u0153ur de la premi\u00e8re encyclop\u00e9die multim\u00e9dia, Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bill explique qu’il a d\u00e9pos\u00e9 un brevet sur le syst\u00e8me de recherche multim\u00e9dia de Compton en 1989 et que l’Office am\u00e9ricain des brevets a confirm\u00e9 le caract\u00e8re original et fondamental de l’invention en d\u00e9livrant le brevet quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard. Il poursuit en notant que, par un \u00e9trange rebondissement dans le quart de si\u00e8cle de litiges qui a suivi, il a finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tabli que le brevet avait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9 \u00e0 tort. Cette d\u00e9cision a \u00e9t\u00e9 prise dans le cadre d’une affaire de faute professionnelle juridique contre le cabinet qui avait initialement d\u00e9pos\u00e9 le brevet au nom d’EB.<\/p>\n

En ce qui concerne l’histoire du brevet Compton, Bill conclut que, malgr\u00e9 son parcours long et tourment\u00e9 sous les r\u00e9gimes juridiques des brevets et des fautes professionnelles, l’essentiel est que, au d\u00e9but de l’\u00e8re num\u00e9rique, l’Encyclopaedia Britannica a apport\u00e9 une contribution fondamentale et importante au progr\u00e8s de l’interface homme\/machine.<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9ponse aux questions de Tony sur l’\u00e9volution de la version imprim\u00e9e de Britannica \u00e0 l’aube de l’\u00e8re num\u00e9rique, Bill explique qu’apr\u00e8s avoir transf\u00e9r\u00e9 le CD-ROM de Britannica sur Internet dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, EB a finalement mis fin \u00e0 sa version imprim\u00e9e en 2012, peu avant son d\u00e9part \u00e0 la retraite en 2014. Bill a ajout\u00e9 que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 avait r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 faire la transition en son temps vers un avenir viable et rentable avec son \u00e9minent ouvrage de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en ligne. Bill a expliqu\u00e9 qu’avec l’\u00e9limination n\u00e9cessaire de l’important appareil de marketing et de distribution de la presse \u00e9crite, les EB d’aujourd’hui, plus l\u00e9gers, pourraient simplement conclure des accords de licence avec les d\u00e9partements d’\u00e9ducation des \u00c9tats et les minist\u00e8res de l’\u00e9ducation. Il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que ces accords ont permis de mettre des versions multilingues de l’Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> \u00e0 la disposition de millions d’\u00e9tudiants dans le monde, alors que le march\u00e9 grand public par abonnement de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 restait relativement modeste.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div>
\"Encyclop\u00e9die\"<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Chapitre : Inventer l’avenir – Encyclopaedia Britannica (dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9)<\/span><\/a><\/div>
Chapitre : PDF<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[991,662,988,573,835,994],"tags":[1076],"class_list":["post-28461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-encyclopaedia-britannica-inventer-lavenir","category-famille-wjb","category-trouver-ma-voie","category-william-john-bowe-jr-fr","category-wjb-encyclopaedia-britannica-and-roan-and-grossman-fr","category-wjb-interview-de-tony-bowe-sur-wjb","tag-wjb-accueil-eb"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLe cadeau de l'Encyclopaedia Britannica \u00e0 l'\u00e8re num\u00e9rique - William J. 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