{"id":22479,"date":"2022-05-18T13:47:29","date_gmt":"2022-05-18T13:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/2022\/05\/18\/liberte-et-tolerance\/"},"modified":"2022-08-12T01:09:29","modified_gmt":"2022-08-12T01:09:29","slug":"liberte-et-tolerance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wbowe.com\/fr\/2022\/05\/18\/liberte-et-tolerance\/","title":{"rendered":"Libert\u00e9 et Tol\u00e9rance"},"content":{"rendered":"

Libert\u00e9 et Tol\u00e9rance<\/strong><\/a><\/h1><\/div>

E<\/span>Note de la r\u00e9daction<\/span>: La derni\u00e8re question pos\u00e9e \u00e0 John Ashcroft l’a \u00e9t\u00e9 par son camarade de classe David Goldberger. Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es directeur juridique et l\u00e9gislatif de la division Illinois de l’American Civil Liberties Union, David a termin\u00e9 sa carri\u00e8re en tant que professeur de droit enseignant le droit du premier amendement \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 de droit de l’Ohio State University. Constatant que John \u00e9levait la libert\u00e9 au rang de valeur supr\u00eame, David lui a demand\u00e9 si la d\u00e9mocratie et la coh\u00e9sion d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 n’\u00e9taient pas min\u00e9es par un sentiment exag\u00e9r\u00e9 d’autonomie et de lib\u00e9ration individuelles.<\/p>\n

John a r\u00e9pondu \u00e0 cette question en se concentrant sur le r\u00f4le que la tol\u00e9rance doit jouer dans une d\u00e9mocratie pour qu’elle soit saine. Toutefois, il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que ceux qui propagent des opinions moralement r\u00e9pugnantes n’ont pas le droit de s’attendre \u00e0 ce que leurs opinions soient confirm\u00e9es ou \u00e0 ce que d’autres travaillent pour leur permettre de le faire.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div>

N.B. En 2017, l’Ohio ACLU a d\u00e9cern\u00e9 \u00e0 David Goldberger le prix pr\u00e9sidentiel Norman Dorsen pour sa contribution \u00e0 la protection des libert\u00e9s fondamentales. Ce faisant, l’organisation a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 en partie :<\/p>\n

Le professeur Goldberger a toujours su qu’il voulait faire la diff\u00e9rence, mais lorsqu’il a choisi de fr\u00e9quenter la facult\u00e9 de droit de l’universit\u00e9 de Chicago, il ne pouvait pas savoir l’impact qu’il aurait sur la protection des droits du premier amendement pour tous et l’effet monumental que les affaires qu’il a d\u00e9fendues auraient sur sa vie. Quatre affaires port\u00e9es devant la Cour supr\u00eame des \u00c9tats-Unis, un certain nombre de victoires en mati\u00e8re de libert\u00e9s civiles et des d\u00e9cennies plus tard, le professeur Goldberger est toujours aussi d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les droits constitutionnels, allant m\u00eame jusqu’\u00e0 prendre en charge b\u00e9n\u00e9volement des affaires de libert\u00e9s civiles pour des clients n’ayant pas les moyens de se payer un avocat.<\/p>\n

S’attaquer aux questions difficiles<\/h3>\n

Au d\u00e9but de sa carri\u00e8re, le professeur Goldberger a occup\u00e9 le poste de directeur juridique et l\u00e9gislatif de l’American Civil Liberties Union, division Illinois. Il est surtout connu pour l’arr\u00eat rendu en 1977 dans l’affaire National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie<\/em> (obligeant les tribunaux de l’\u00c9tat \u00e0 proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen rapide des injonctions contre les rassemblements publics). L’affaire a commenc\u00e9 lorsque des nazis ont envoy\u00e9 des demandes \u00e0 plusieurs banlieues de Chicago, dont Skokie, afin d’obtenir des autorisations pour organiser un rassemblement dans leur ville. Alors que la plupart des villes ont ignor\u00e9 la demande, Skokie a interdit le rassemblement et mis en place des lois interdisant la plupart des rassemblements politiques, et pas seulement celui demand\u00e9 par le parti national-socialiste.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision de repr\u00e9senter le parti national-socialiste \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s impopulaire, car la banlieue comptait une importante population juive, dont de nombreux survivants de l’Holocauste. Le professeur Goldberger admet qu’il s’agissait du cas le plus difficile de sa carri\u00e8re, mais il estime aujourd’hui encore que c’\u00e9tait un cas d’une importance capitale. L’affaire est all\u00e9e jusqu’\u00e0 la Cour supr\u00eame des \u00c9tats-Unis et, en d\u00e9fendant ce que beaucoup consid\u00e9raient comme un discours tr\u00e8s impopulaire, le professeur Goldberger a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger la libert\u00e9 d’expression pour nous tous. Il fallait quelqu’un de vraiment engag\u00e9 au c\u0153ur du droit \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 d’expression pour s’occuper de cette affaire, et le professeur Goldberger a \u00e9t\u00e9 in\u00e9branlable dans sa conviction que l’ACLU devrait prendre des affaires pour prot\u00e9ger nos libert\u00e9s – m\u00eame quand elles ne sont pas faciles.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9fendre le premier amendement<\/h3>\n

Apr\u00e8s Skokie<\/em>, le professeur Goldberger a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 s’occuper d’affaires critiques li\u00e9es au premier amendement et \u00e0 remporter des victoires cruciales devant la Cour supr\u00eame des \u00c9tats-Unis. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, le professeur Goldberger a accept\u00e9 un poste \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 de droit de l’universit\u00e9 d’\u00c9tat de l’Ohio et a rejoint le conseil d’administration de l’ACLU de l’Ohio en tant qu’avocat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. \u00c0 ce titre, le professeur Goldberger a plaid\u00e9 l’affaire McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission<\/em> devant la Cour supr\u00eame des \u00c9tats-Unis en 1995 (invalidant la loi de l’Ohio interdisant la distribution de documents de campagne anonymes et non diffamatoires). Toujours en 1995, le professeur Goldberger a \u00e9t\u00e9 co-avocat dans l’affaire Capital Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette<\/em>. En 2005, le professeur Goldberger a plaid\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s devant la Cour supr\u00eame des \u00c9tats-Unis pour la deuxi\u00e8me fois dans l’affaire Cutter v. Wilkinson<\/em>, sauvegardant une loi f\u00e9d\u00e9rale prot\u00e9geant le droit des d\u00e9tenus \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de religion.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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